1 video: kumu lake kaleo patterson alapaki kim ma2. SOME hit INJURIES decrease THE LIKELIHOOD OF PTSD - comment3 noenoe -wikio -- 4 na mea maoli ola -- health tips -- limu. 'awa ma5 connect this 'new' hawaiian cultural center website -- you can put datesof events add your recipes do reviews write poems etc6. 2008 OIL & GAS SPONSORSHIP TRAINING PROGRAMME - check this out!7. CHARITABLE BRITAIN8. New enter - "What Would It Mean To Win?"9. Hawaii seeks partner in massive photovoltaic communicate10. Making Waves series on 'Olelo airdates Jan. Feb '0811. War dead in Iraq - only military but stark anyway12. "The Doctrine of Signatures" was astoundingly change by reversal.13. Doctors told to stop prescribing antibiotics for coughs colds andsore throats14. CITGO. Venezuela give Oil To U. S. Services15. More on Superferry-military connections16. New announcement: Upcoming Events17. Disappeared News - 2 new articles18. An Evening with DEEPAK CHOPRA - Mon. Jan. 28 - Honolulu19. Please comment! Antipsychotics for ADHD??? use not approved by theFood and medicate Administration20. Did you see The New York Times Magazine?21. The rights of indigenous peoples22 emotions and illness23. Thank the House for banning torture ~send.24. A bet that gives Free Rice25. Volunteers take up ferry passenger count chore26. deliver Haloa! Four Day. All Ohana Event!27. MNN Mohawks & Lakota Freedom Delegation cater28 good one29. HI Superferry: Greg Kaufman interview in MauiTime Weekly30. Services for Bill Correa31. Hon Adver-- "Why not let public finance elections?" op-ed32. Medical Community News33. NewsTarget special report: How to heal with water (the water cure)34 more Medical Community News35 and more Medical Community News36. First Peoples Worldwide Weekly News 1-9-0837. Puerto Rico/Por el Batey del Capa Prieto /Grand Jury NYC/SpecialEnglish Editio.38. Hawaii Biotech to start human trials39 and more Medical Community News40. bear on for a Third gesticulate grant - due Feb 1. 200841. Get Ready--April is Not Only Poetry Month42. Disappeared News - 3 new articles43. New rules for driver's licenses - USATODAY com44. Espiritu Libre at the Rafters this Saturday 01/1245. Superferry pretends it can see in dark. Begins night passage from Mauiat height of whale season
Description:As Christianity continues to influence the lives of NativeHawaiians the traditional ways of our people are often viewed asun-Christian. In this second half of the two-part Hoâ^À^Ùomana seriesKahus Kawika Kahiapo. Daniel Kikawa. Kaleo Patterson. Alapaki Kim and kumuhula John Keola Lake address the long-held perception that conflict isinherent for Christians who seek to maintain and perpetuate the NativeHawaiian culture. In part 1 of â^À^ÜWhen Hawaiian Culture and ChristianityCollideâ^À^Ý panelists discuss their own views on the relationship betweenChristianity and Hawaiian culture.
Thanks for posting that. I was diagnosed with PTSD a couple of years agoand it's becoming an issue again. I don't think it's something you justget over with counselling (tried that) or with medicate and alcohol (triedthat again and again) or rehab (ano ano). From my own life experience itis definitely an issue with women and children who have witnessed or livedthrough a harrowing violent event. This article gives a radiate of hope,although it does sound like a crack round the head or more drugs will seeme right (jokes). > > Naku noa > Mel
> > ------ Forwarded Message > > From: "Barry Brewster Md" > > STUDY SUGGESTS SOME hit INJURIES REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OFPOST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER----------------------------------------------------------------------
Description: Noenoe K. Silva. Assistant Professor of Political Science andHawaiian Language at the University of Hawaiâ^À^Øi at MÄ^Ánoa shares herinvaluable investigate and insights on the topic of Native Hawaiianresistance to American colonialism. Noenoe takes us on a "whirlwind journey"of her book Aloha Betrayed and discusses the importance of Hawaiianlanguage newspaper sources in rediscovering our own native voice inhistory. The presentation is followed by a interesting challenge and answersegment.
^ÑA^Ñali^Ñi courtesy of Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal ValueIt was the plants leaves that made the plant invaluable for earlyHawaiians. Along with curing rashes and itches the liquid mixture wasalso helpful as a remedy for infectious diseases.
About Kahuna Lā^Ñau Lapa^Ñau courtesy of Healing Island. A FiveMountains Hawai^Ñi ProjectIn traditional Hawaiian medical practice the kahuna lā^Ñau lapa^Ñauwas the herbalist who selected and prepared plants for use as treatments. His training and knowledge included botany...
Lepo lo^Ñi or Maku^Ñu courtesy of Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal ValueThe lepo lo^Ñi together with the waikōloa the small reeds that growin the taro patches are used to treat bad sores or openings at thebottom of the feet under the armpit or on the chest.
Māmaki and Ko'oko'olau courtesy of Ka^Ñiulani OdomTwo popular teas here in Hawai^Ñi are made from leaves of the māmakiand ko^Ñoko^Ñolau plants. Research has shown that drinking tea may helpprotect against diseases such as cancer heart disease and osteoporosis.
Ma^Ño courtesy of Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. D. M. Kaaiakamanu andJ. K. AkinaThe bitter tasting flowers resemble the hibiscus and were eaten alongwith the bark and roots to back up relieve severe stomach cramps. The ma'owas also used to dye kapa.
^ÑOhe courtesy of Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawai^ÑiʻOhe was brought to these islands by migrating Polynesians whobraved the vast Pacific Ocean searching for new land. These voyagersunderstood ʻohe's importance and made good use of the lay.
The Mighty Koa courtesy of Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal ValueThe koa is one of the most popular trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Traditionally because of the wood's strength and size the koa was oftencarved to alter surfboards canoe paddles and canoes...
Limu Kala and Forgiveness courtesy of Ka^Ñiwakīloumoku StaffLimu kala (sargarssum) is a fairly common variety of seaweed greatlyvalued for its many uses as well as for its meaning: kala means toforgive to release to unbind. Hawaiian authority. Mary Kawena Pukui,tells us that...
Makou courtesy of Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal ValueAn expectant mother would often seek the aid of a midwife to help guideher through the pregnancy. Among other things the midwife wouldrecommend that the care eat the leaves of the makou lay..
^ÑUlu courtesy of Ka^Ñiwakīloumoku Staff^ÑUlu is considered to be a kinolau (manifestation) of Lono god ofagriculture and fertility. As a result it was included in certainceremonial offerings and was held in high believe...
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Former prepare sleeper attach Johnson says it really can happen to any one ofus: "We're all prone to that - you know all of us - a breakdown in arelationship or some sort of trauma or a death or a tragic event - we'reall there much closer than we care to acquire."
He remembers hearing a very similar view from a city hedge finance manager:"He said in a very change intensity conversation we had: 'Do you know what. I knowthat I'm only ever a bring together of bad decisions away from being on the streetmyself,' and I thought that was a really good insight into being in thisworld because everyone is."
8. New Film - "What Would It Mean To Win?"> From: "Oliver Ressler" <oliver ressler@chello at>> Sent: Monday. January 07. 2008 1:21 PM>>>> WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO WIN?>> A film by Zanny Begg & Oliver Ressler>> 40 min.. 2008>>>> â^À^ÜWhat Would It convey To Win?â^À^Ý was filmed on the blockades at the>> G8 arrive at in Heiligendamm. Germany in June 2007. In their first>> collaborative film Zanny Begg and Oliver Ressler focus on the current>> state of the counter-globalisation movement in a communicate which grows>> out of both artistsâ^À^Ù preoccupation with globalisation and its>> discontents. The enter which combines documentary footage interviews,>> and animation sequences is structured around three questions pertinent>> to the movement: Who are we? What is our power? What would it mean to>> win?>>>> Almost ten years after â^À^ÜSeattleâ^À^Ý this film explores the impact>> this movement has had on contemporary politics. Seattle has been>> described as the birthplace for the â^À^Ümovement of movementsâ^À^Ý and>> marked a time when resistance to capitalist globalisation emerged in>> industrialised nations. In many senses it has been regarded as the measure>> when a new social subject â^À^Ó the multitude â^À^Ó entered the>> political landscape. Recently the counter-globalisation movement has>> gone through a certain malaise accentuated by the shifts in global>> politics in the post 911 context.>>>> The protests in Heiligendamm seemed to re-assert the confidence,>> inventiveness and creativity of the counter-globalisation movement. In>> particular the five finger tactic â^À^Ó where protesters spread out>> across the fields of Rostock slipping around police lines â^À^Ó proved>> successful in establishing blockades in all roads into Heiligendamm.>> Staff working for the G8 summit were forced to register and get the>> meeting by helicopter or boat thus providing a symbolic victory to the>> movement.>>>> â^À^ÜWhat Would It Mean To Win?â^À^Ý as the title implies addresses>> this central question for the movement. During the Seattle>> demonstrations â^À^Üwe are winningâ^À^Ý was a popular graffiti slogan>> that captured the comprehend of euphoria that came with the birth of a new>> movement. Since that time however this slogan has been regarded in a>> much more speculative manner. This film aims to act beyond the>> challenge of whether we are â^À^Üwinningâ^À^Ý or not by addressing what>> would it actually convey to win.>>>> When addressing the question â^À^Üwhat would it convey to win?â^À^Ý John>> Holloway quotes Subcomandante Marcos who once described>> â^À^Üwinningâ^À^Ý as the ability to live an â^À^Üinfinite film>> programâ^À^Ý where participants could re-invent themselves each day,>> each hour each minute. The animated sequences take this as their>> starting inform to investigate how ideas of social agency struggle and>> winning are incorporated into our imagination of politics.>>>> The enter was recorded in English and German and exists also in a cut>> subtitled version. â^À^ÜWhat Would It convey To Win?â^À^Ý will be>> presented in screenings in a variety of contexts and will also be move>> of the upcoming installation â^À^ÜJumps and Surprisesâ^À^Ý by Begg and>> Ressler which will present a broader perspective of different>> approaches to the counter-globalisation movement.>>>> Concept. Interviews. Film Editing. Production: Zanny Begg & OliverRessler>> Interviewees: Emma Dowling. John Holloway. Adam Idrissou. TadzioMueller. Michal Osterweil. Sarah Tolba>> Camera: Oliver Ressler>> Animation: Zanny Begg>> Sound: Kate Carr>> visualise Editing: Markus Koessl>> Sound Editing: Rudi Gottsberger. Oliver Ressler>> Special thanks to Turbulence. Holy arouse It. Conrad Barrett>> Grants: Bundesministerium für Unterricht. Kunst und Kultur; College of>> Fine Art investigate Grants Scheme. Sydney>>>> Further Information:>> >> -------------------------------------------------------------------------
One megawatt of photovoltaic panels could reduce crude oil consumption byabout 3,800 barrels per year according to Hawaiian Electric Co. Onemegawatt of power also could supply the cater needs of about 1,000 homes. However solar power panels usually create about 20 percent of theirrated power output because the panels don't always receive sunlight.
The department started soliciting bids for the communicate in December andfinal bids are due late this month. The system which encompass a dozenlocations including major airports could be up and running within twoyears. DOT spokesman Scott Ishikawa did not know how many bids werereceived for the project so far.
Previously the largest announced photovoltaic project in Hawai'i wasplanned by Castle & Cooke Inc. The company plans to build a 1.5-megawattsolar farm on a 10-acre site in south Lana'i. The communicate would cost anestimated $13 million to $18 million.
Castle & Cooke hopes to begin construction in April or May if it canacquire the needed construction permits said Tim Hill. Castle & Cooke'sexecutive vice president for renewable energy projects. The company wantsto complete the project before a 30 percent federal tax credit expires atthe end of this year.
Other local projects include a 167-kilowatt O'ahu solar power system beingbuilt by Hoku Scientific Inc for Hawaiian Electric Co. The system at WardAvenue is expected to be in service early this year pending approval bythe Public Utilities Commission.
Kapolei-based Hoku would not comment on whether it was bidding on the DOTproject. However. Scott Paul vice president for business development,agreed that the proposed state solar power project could be one of thelargest planned by any government agency in the United States.
"We evaluate it's fantastic that the state is taking the initiative," hesaid. "It is a really good way for (photovoltaic technology) to gainvisibility as a viable solution to reduce overall energy costs forbusiness or in this case a government agency."
According to the state's communicate for proposal power generated at eachstate location would be used internally. The state would have the optionto acquire these photovoltaic systems after 20 years or to renegotiate anew power purchase agreement.
"For us on this island it's probably a bit of a longer pay back for thetypical homeowner," he said. But "It's something that for a express entityprobably is getting to the inform when it makes comprehend. It certainly isn'judge of the question at all."
Last year about 80 Hawaiian Electric customers signed so-called net energymetering agreements with the utility said spokesman Peter Rosegg. Suchagreements accept owners of solar cater systems to sell excess electricityback to the utility.
1/5/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV schedule TBA No School Left Unmilitarized 1/12/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV schedule TBA Invasion By Sea 1/19/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV Program TBA alter Secret About UARC 1/26/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV Program TBA No educate Left Unmilitarized 2/2/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV schedule TBA Invasion By Sea 2/9/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV Program TBA alter Secret About UARC 2/16/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV Program TBA No School Left Unmilitarized 2/23/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV Program TBA Invasion By Sea 3/1/08 8:30 pm Sat NATV Program TBA Dirty Secret About UARC-------------------------------------------------------------------
A Walnut looks like a little hit a left and alter hemisphere upper Cerebrums and displace cerebellums. Even the wrinkles or folds are on the nut just like the neo-cortex. We now know that walnuts help create over 3 dozen neuro-transmitters For brain answer.
Celery. Bok Choy. Rhubarb and more look just like bones. These foods specifically aim hit the books strength. Bones are 23% sodium and these foods are 23% sodium. If you don't undergo enough Sodium in your diet the body pulls it from the bones making them weak. These foods fill the skeletal needs of the body.
Eggplant. Avocados and Pears target the health and answer of The womb and cervix of the female - they look just desire these organs. Today's investigate shows that when a woman eats 1 avocado a week it balances hormones sheds unwanted birth Weight and prevents cervical cancers. And how profound is this? it takes exactly 9 months to change an avocado from blossom to ripened fruit. There are over 14,000 phytolytic chemical Constituents of nutrition in each one of these foods (modern science has only studied and named about 141 of them).
Peanuts have a profound cause on the testicles and sexual libido. Peanuts were banned As a food for males by the perform often during the middle ages. Most people don't cognise that arginine the main component of Viagra comes from peanuts.-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The campaign called Clean. Safe compassionate will also consider an extra £45million for hospitals to spend on infection hold back nurses or antibioticspecialist pharmacists. All patients going into hospital will be screenedfor MRSA by 2009.
cater have already been told they must be "expose below the elbows" to helpprevent the spread of infection between patients and all hospitals shouldundergo a "deep clean" by March this year although experts have dismissedthis as a gimmick.
Mr Johnson says: "The past 60 years have seen great advances in healthcare and medicine. For example the use of antibiotics has saved countlesslives but antibiotics do not bring home the bacon on most coughs colds and sore throatsand their unnecessary use can get the body susceptible to gut infectionslike Clostridium difficile."
Over-use of antibiotics which can be used only on bacterial infections,has been blamed for the go of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The drugs canstrip natural bacteria from the gut and accept C diff to act hold and killvulnerable elderly people.
If antibiotic use is not curbed doctors could run out of effectivetreatment as certain bugs become resistant to more and more drugs. Pharmaceutical companies are unwilling to invest the billions of poundsneeded to research and develop new antibiotics because they are not veryprofitable.
The most common antibiotic ingredient amoxicillin - one of the penicillinfamily - has become less effective because more bugs have change state resistantto it. Other common generic antibiotic ingredients that are less effectiveinclude cefaclor used for chest infections and trimethoprim used totreat urinary tract infections.
Prof Kevin Kerr consultant microbiologist at Harrogate District Hospital,said the pressure on GPs to prescribe antibiotics can be immense. In somecases patients are told by one doctor in the practice that they do notneed antibiotics only for them to schedule with another partner who is morewilling to capitulate.
Norman Lamb the Liberal Democrat health spokesman said: "The Governmenthas ignored the cerebrate between antibiotics and hospital infections for toolong. Over-prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics is very dangerous."=====----------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW YORK (CBS) â^À^Õ For scores of low-income families it will be like theequivalent of winning a small lottery jackpot. A program run by formerCongressman Joe Kennedy will deliver remove heating oil â^À^Ó donated byCitgo and the Chavez regime in Venezuela â^À^Ó to some 200,000 households. CBS 2 takes a look at how the program works and who qualifies.
"I live within my means"â^À¦For Rebecca Santiago the means are modest. And it's not easy to pay for oil heat at her home in the Bronx. Of courseit's a struggle so when she saw the furnish for 100 free gallons of oilfrom former congressman Joe Kennedy she became quite curious.
Well we thought the CNO (Chief of Naval Operations) visit to clean thisweek might be a precursor to a JHSV award--a decision by the way that isdue really really soon. But no sometimes a tour is just a tour--the CNOis visiting shipyards all week.
The trip includes visits to Portsmouth Shipyard (Portsmouth. N. H.). BathIron Works (Brunswick. Maine) three Northrop Grumman Ship Systems sitesto include Ingalls (Pascagoula. Miss.). Avondale (New Orleans. La.) andGulfport (Gulfport. Miss.). Austal USA Shipbuilding (Mobile. Ala.),Marinette Marine (Marinette. Wisc.) and National Steel and ShipbuildingCompany (San Diego). Austal? Marinette Marine? Good. We're thrilled the CNOis heaping some attention on the small yards. Might he take some time tostop off and see VT Halter Marine? It's in Pascagoula--won't take muchtime but they've done good work. Give 'em a quick "attaboy." It'll mean alot. And it would totally irritate the heck out of Cynthia Brown and her"American Shipbuilder Association" of.. um... General Dynamic and NorthropGrumman yards.(And speaking of the fit High go Vessels.... Hasanybody seen a plan? An outline of a proposal? Nobody has releasedanything--amazing for what might become a pretty important civil-specplatform.)
It is clear that the Superferry exists to let their consortium develop atrack record as vessel operators allowing them to bid on a militarycontract for a fit High go Vessel. The ^Ójoint^Ô means the Army. Navyand Marines.
They specifically want a developed commercial design a high-speedcatamaran that can arrive in ^Óaustere^Ô ports meaning alter harbors withfew facilities. You can Google ^ÓJHSV^Ô for information on the project.
January 14th- Monday - The Warriors communicate(WHERE: Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies at UH-Manoa)7:00pm- Winona LaDuke. Louie Hena. Paula Garcia and Andrea Hanks to speakabout their experiences and struggles in perpetuating food soverignty,restoring food systems and protecting indigenous cultures and food fromgenetic engineering. (Click here to transfer the flyer. Visit for more info).
January 15th- Tuesday - interact all ^ÑOhana(WHERE: ^ÑIolani Palace)^Õ 11:00am- ^ÑIolani Palace- set-up Kalo Kamp (T-shirt & write making)^Õ 5:00pm- Hui Kalo meeting -IMPORTANT- OPEN TO ALL briefing on goals andthe next days events.^Õ 6:30pm- Potluck Dinner^Õ 7:00pm- Guest Speakers (Winona LaDuke local farmers community organizers)Viewing of films: "Islands at Risk" & "The Future of Food"
January 16th- Wednesday ^Ö show Solid Support(WHERE: ^ÑIolani Palace to State Capitol to ^ÑIolani Palace to State Capitol!)^Õ 7:30am- Gather at 'Iolani Palace (if this is too early for you comecamp over the night before!)^Õ 9:00am- Keiki from Schools bring home the bacon^Õ 9:15am- cry^Õ 9:30am- Procession from ^ÑIolani Palace to State Capitol^Õ 10:00am- Legislative Session Starts. Na Kahu o Haloa returns to^ÑIolani Palace to talk story and gather the ^Ñohana: brilliant kupuna,pono science educators island food-lovers and beautiful people withmuddy toes!^Õ Noon- Visit Legislators^Ò Offices
January 17th- Thursday - Present Pono Purpose(WHERE: State Capitol)^Õ 12:30- State Capitol Rotunda - Formal Presentation of Kalo toLegislators protocol by keiki & kupuna of Na Kahu o Haloa^Õ 1:30pm- State Capitol. Rm. 309 - Kalo farmers & supporters will brieflegislators on their stance against genetic modification & patenting ofkalo and explain the importance of hearing & passing bills SB958 & HB704to protect kalo.^Õ 4:00pm- express Capitol. Rm. 229 - "Public Advocacy 101" A Training inthe Legislative Process for Citizens by Senator Gary Hooser (D-Kauai).
* Superferry discloses low booking numbers * Looking behind the June Jones headlines at a deteriorating UH * Must-read act on KKCR racism privilege and more * What to do with one Superferry if passengers don't come * Documents dig into underpinnings of ferry decisions________________________________________________________________________________
Florida is far from unique. Several states also noted the costly boom ofatypical antipsychotics -- a new class of the drug that was touted to havefewer side effects. The states are suing drug makers alleging thecompanies pushed newer untested drugs that proved no more effective intreatments -- but were far more costly.
In Florida the taxpayers' bill for the drugs jumped from $9 million sevenyears ago to nearly $30 million in 2006. Whether Florida will join stateslike Texas. Pennsylvania and South Carolina in trying to recoup some ofthose costs is unclear.
"Our office is aware of concerns with antipsychotics in Florida's Medicaidprogram but we cannot acknowledge nor provide any information pertainingto ongoing criminal investigations," said Sandi Copes a spokeswoman withthe Florida Attorney command's office.
"The situation is out of control," said David Cohen a professor atFlorida International University who has been studying the use ofantipsychotics since 1983. While no long-term studies have been done onthe effects the drugs have on children there is evidence children on thedrugs face greater risks of diabetes hyperglycemia and extreme weightgain. Cohen said.
The 25-month-old child had been kicked out of five day-care centers wherecomplaints included punching other children he said. "The child's mothercame to me in shorts so I could see the bruises and marks (on her)," hesaid.
According to a chew over that looked at three years of data about 40 percentof the antipsychotics prescribed to Florida Medicaid children were givento children diagnosed with ADHD -- a use not approved by the Food and DrugAdministration.
The Florida program was patterned after a Texas project that has spurred awhistle-blower lawsuit. The Florida Algorithm Project used some of theTexas-developed medical formulas that recommended medicate treatments formental diseases.
A year ago Texas joined the whistle-blower suit against JanssenPharmaceutica and several other Johnson & Johnson subsidiaries. The suitalleges the program's treatment guidelines -- "improperly influenced" andpaid for by the drug companies --increased sales of the antipsychoticRisperdal.
In 2002 the Florida Legislature permitted the Department of Children &Families to accept grants from pharmaceutical manufacturers to developtraining for health compassionate organizations serving public sector clients,according to a September 2003 Agency for Health Care earn about theFlorida program.
When first interviewed those familiar with the program said they did notrecall any ADHD-related information. But archived pages from the program'sInternet site show the program had more guidelines on how to treat ADHDthan any other ailment. A 2004 report about the program's progress pointedto the development of an ADHD guideline as an accomplishment.
Korir Sing'Oei Abraham argues that Africa^Òs opposition to the adoption ofrights for indigenous peoples ^× who are often nomads or hunter gatherers^× has largely been informed by misconceptions and myths. He points outthat the alter to self-determination sought by these marginalised groupshas been recognised by the AU as being consistent with the principles of acountry^Òs territorial integrity.
It is late July 2006. A study and information visit by the Working Groupof Experts on Indigenous Populations ^Ö part of the African Commission onHuman and People^Òs Rights (the commission hereafter) ^Ö is under way inUganda. Uganda is one of the few African countries whose constitutionboasts an extensive human rights regime of civil and political as come up aseconomic social and cultural rights. The visit designed to disseminatethe findings of a report by the commission in 2004 on the status ofindigenous peoples in Africa and thereby to engage in constructivedialogue with government officials and civil society in Kampala isconfronted with an insurmountable obstacle. A leading member of theUgandan delegation overseeing the visit ^Ö Rosette Nyirinkindi the headof the African Union division in Uganda^Òs Ministry of Foreign Affairs ^Öis of the view that the visit^Òs objectives are contrary to the spirit ofthe country^Òs constitution which seeks to foster peaceful coexistenceamong Uganda^Òs communities. According to Nyirinkindi a seasoned diplomatwho had previously served in her country^Òs mission in New York theUgandan constitution identifies all 56 ethnic communities residing in thecountry as indigenous. Therefore to set apart and focus on some of thesecommunities to the exclusion of others as the commission report had done,was a flagrant breach of Uganda^Òs constitutional and policy commitment toequality and a short cut to ethnic strife.
This is the classic scenario that confronts advocacy of indigenous rightsin Africa. To raise indigenous issues in the continent demands that onerespond to the question of to whom precisely indigenous rights may beascribed. This then invites myriad other inquiries including theusefulness of this distinction in promoting human rights and the link withthe question of national integrity. This article will address some ofthese issues and I hope furnish voice to the millions of pastoralists andforest communities who self-identify as indigenous people in Africa.
It is difficult to analyse the challenge of indigenous rights in Africawithout engaging with the question of statehood and it is impossible toaddress the latter without considering its dubious origins. The colonialenterprise in Africa marked by domination and annexation of territory,was masterminded by Leopold the Belgian monarch and Bismarck the Germanchancellor. It reached its peak in the Berlin conference of 1884 whichwas convened ostensibly to regulate trading relations between Europeanpowers but ended by legislating for the partition of Africa. The resultwas the dismemberment of the continent into 53 multi-ethnic and odd stateswith no basis in scientific or social rationality deliver that of resolvingterritorial disputes between the colonisers. This certainly lends credenceto the fledgling movement for the unification of Africa.
Colonialism was based on the ethnocentric belief that the morals andvalues of the European coloniser were superior to those of the colonisedAfrican. It involved egregious racial discrimination linked topseudo-scientific theories that were buttressed by the Christian religiouszealotry of the 17th and 18th centuries. This create of social Darwinism,that placed white people at the top of the animal kingdom ^Ñnaturally^Ò incharge of dominating non-European indigenous populations open a strongphilosophical justification in the works of the German philosopher Hegel,amongst others. He claimed that sub- Saharan Africa was an ancient utopiawhich had remained change state up within itself: ^Ñthe land of childhood whichlying beyond the day of self-conscious history is enveloped in the darkmantle of night^Ò. Its isolated character argued Hegel originated notmerely in its tropical nature but essentially in its geographicalcondition. Hegel claimed that upland negroes continued to exist in a stateof consciousness which he termed ^Ñthe infancy of humanity^Ò hence thejuridical concept of discovery that informed colonial property relationswith conquered people^Òs territories.
The post-colonial state in Africa emerging from this colonial artifice,reluctant to alter itself and having solidified the colonial boundariesthrough the ancient international legal principle of uti possidetis,[1] isfraught with weaknesses which have manifested themselves in serious ethnicconflicts poor governance drop inequalities and chronic poverty. Indigenous rights in Africa must be assessed and asserted from thiscontext.
While it is undeniable that the West ravaged and looted the entirecontinent through slavery colonialism and neo-colonialism thedisproportionate disadvantage dispensed by these forces upon somecommunities in Africa is vehemently denied. Why is it so hard toappreciate that the Maasai who lost over one million acres of grazingland in Kenya^Òs vast Rift Valley to the British today constitute one ofthe poorest communities in the country? Does it take rocket science toappreciate that the expulsion of the Batwa from the Bwindi and MgahingaNational Parks in Uganda to coat the way for the protection of themountain gorilla a key tourist attraction has led to the near-decimationof this hunter-gatherer community? Does one be to ask what contributesto the penury of the Herero in Namibia whom the Germans butchered enmasse and used as guinea pigs at the turn of the 20th century?
The beat part of the nightmare is that rather than pave the way for thereconstruction of Africa^Òs political and economic order the departure ofthe colonialists ushered in a new set of color dominators who takingadvantage of the instruments and institutions of the colonial state,proceeded to steal and loot the continent of its resources andcompletely closed the door to restitutive justice.
Contemporary public policy makers in Africa do by the shame ofcolonialism and make vigorous attempts to construct a reality based on the^Ñnational interest^Ò rather than communitarian pursuits which theyconsider provincial and therefore sectarian. It is this subsuming ofidentities and its conflation with equality for all that is largelyresponsible for the denial of indigenous rights.
Indigenous rights are considered a domain of rights which seeks todislocate national priorities for communitarian purposes and does not fitthe logic of state-centred development. That some communities have refusedto align their interests with national development priorities is seen asfailing to take on the responsibility and demands of develop. This viewis move of a classical contention that disputes the relevance ofrecognising diversity in divided societies a move that hegemonises thestate. A critical analysis of indigenous rights and their beneficiarieswould show the fallacy of this objection.
First indigenous rights are grounded in the general notion of theuniversality of rights within a multicultural context as endorsed by theVienna Declaration of 1993. That declaration unequivocally reaffirmed theinherent dignity and unique contribution of indigenous people to thedevelopment and plurality of society and called for their full inclusionin the life of the state. It is therefore anathema to question the placeof indigenous rights in the national discourse for the two cancomfortably coexist and support each other; the substantive inclusion ofmarginalised groups in national processes gives the latter broaderlegitimacy. By reinforcing the state where it would otherwise be disappear,the promotion of indigenous rights such as self-determined localgovernance and development can lead to peace.
Second indigenous rights must be seen as enabling substantive equality,thus spreading lighten to a group of people previously not reached by thetransformative premise of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Whilenon-discrimination is held up as a jus cogens,[3] the fact that it isstill difficult to achieve equality for all means that marginalisedgroups be they women children minorities or indigenous groups undergo topursue strategies that go beyond formal equality to attain the promise ofdignity for all people. Some have questioned how effectivenon-discrimination provisions are as a defend against the human rightsdeficiencies experienced by indigenous groups. Professor Kingsbury of NewYork University has argued for instance that the existing mechanismshave completely failed to deal adequately with the concerns of indigenousgroups and have merely served a symbolic and didactic intend hence thedemand for more specific mechanisms.
Third the collective conception of rights has often seemed to be a childof a lesser god within a human rights system that has historically pittedcivil and political rights against economic social and cultural rights. Collective rights which are central to the struggle of indigenous peoplethe world over have suffered from being poorly articulated which hasprevented them from being regarded as the norm. Thanks to Article 27 ofthe International pledge on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and theprogressive jurisprudence that has flowed from the Human Rights Committeeon this article a lot of fasten has been laid for the protection of grouprights to land and development among other things. The rich array ofsolidarity rights provided for under the African Charter on Human andPeoples^Ò Rights (the contract hereafter) which lend themselves come up tothe cause of indigenous peoples is thanks to Keba M^ÒBaye the Senegalesejurist. His appreciation of the dynamics of African society inspired thedocument. In his 1972 monograph on the rights to development ^Ö Le Droitdu Developpement comme un Droit de l^ÒHomme ^Ö borrowing significantlyfrom Karel Vasak. UNESCO^Òs director. M^ÒBaye articulates solidarityrights to include the right to development the right to peace the rightto an environment the alter to ownership of the common heritage ofhumankind and the right to communication.
Thus the notion of indigenous populate and rights in Africa must beunderstood not merely in terms of a dictionary definition that emphasisespeople^Òs origins. The modern understanding of the term ^Ñindigenouspeoples^Ò focuses on the lived experience of systemic marginalisation,discrimination cultural difference and self- identification in line withthe emerging practice of the commission. The International Work assort forIndigenous Affairs (IWGIA) and the Working Group on Indigenous Issues ofthe commission undergo argued that: ^Åthe issue of indigenous peoplesrevolves around the assertion that certain marginalized groups arediscriminated against in particular ways because of their particularculture mode of production and subordinate position within the state andthat state legal and policy frameworks undergo been impotent at addressingthese challenges. This is a form of discrimination which other groupswithin the express do not suffer from. It is legitimate for thesemarginalized groups to label for the protection of their rights in request toalleviate this particular form of discrimination.[4]
Africa^Òs opposition to the adoption of standard-setting mechanisms andnorms for indigenous peoples has largely been informed by misconceptionsand myths. In 2006 an assault on the compose Declaration on the Rights ofIndigenous Peoples led by Namibia and Botswana within the African groupin the UN caused the command Assembly to postpone its decision on thedeclaration thereby holding in abeyance substantive recognition ofindigenous rights under international law. When the African Union^Òsassembly of heads of state and government met in Addis Ababa a year later,they justified the position of the African group on the grounds thatindigenous rights as elaborated in the declaration would affectterritorial integrity. The challenge that baffles many is whether the Batwain Uganda the Endorois in Kenya or the Bushmen in Botswana have designsto create their own separate states. Is it not obvious that the right toself-determination sought by these groups is one that can empower them andlead to their recognition and enhanced participation in public affairs?The Katanga v Zaire communication of 1976 which established that avariant of self-determination that ensures the inclusion of marginalisedgroups within a express is consistent with the principle of territorialintegrity was reiterated nearly 20 years later in the Ogoni v Nigeriadecision by the African Commission on Human and Peoples^Ò Rights.
The call ^Ñindigenous people^Ò should therefore be used in a practicalway to displace attention to and alleviate the particular form ofdiscrimination from which communities suffer. In the African context thesecommunities are almost always nomadic or hunter gatherers. By identifyingwith the term they conclude that the particularities of their suffering canbe better articulated and can lend themselves to the protection ofinternational human rights law and moral standards. The adoption of aflexible bundle of rights attributable to indigenous groups rather than aconstant struggle to achieve unanimous agreement on terminology (which hasbeen elusive over the measure two decades of discussion within the UN onindigenous rights) seems to me to furnish a real possibility forappreciating indigenous peoples^Ò rights in Africa.
Groups that self-identify as indigenous live a peripheral existence. Most governments in Africa do not have disaggregated data or indicators tomonitor the social economic and political status of indigenous populate. How then can they track progress towards achieving the MillenniumDevelopment Goals if the poorest of the poor are not even properlyrecognised? A major concern is that many states will cerebrate on the bottomline of reaching the MDGs rather than the be of who reaches them orhow. This assay was noted in the Human Development Report of 2003.[5]
act the Twa in Burundi. Rwanda. DRC and Uganda for instance. Theirlifestyle and the evaluate of deforestation has kept them moving for decadesand left them vulnerable ^Ö falling through the cracks of a modern socialand legal system which would normally secure advance on both their landsand livelihood assets. Growing pressure to hold the few remainingrainforests in the most densely populated countries of the Great Lakesregion means that they find themselves excluded from their traditionalhabitats. The Rwandan express has for decades been tightening its controlover forest areas driven by the need for more protective conservationpolicies the growth of the tourism industry and security concerns alongits borders with DRC. Burundi and Uganda. The Batwa have been the mostaffected by these measures which have uprooted them from theirtraditional lifestyle and means of earning a living. They undergo been unableto make a successful convert to a sedentary life and a market economy.
Most indigenous communities including the Twa were never compensatedwhen expelled from the ^Ñprotected areas^Ò or ^Ñstate reserves^Ò they usedto live in due to their traditional marginalisation and to flawed legaland policy frameworks. As a prove their living conditions havedegenerated advance. Today most Batwa lead a shockingly impoverishedexistence. A recent inform by a UK charity called the Forest PeoplesProgramme predicts that the Twa are in danger of extinction unless massiveand concerted action is taken to reverse their decline.
Indigenous rights shunned by politicians across the continent have foundsolace in an unlikely quarter: the judiciary. Reputed to be incorrigiblycorrupt and inefficient judiciaries across the continent have yet to beacknowledged as bastions of justice for the weak. It is here that thestruggle for recognition and respect for indigenous rights has been mostvociferously waged. From Botswana to Kenya. South Africa to Uganda courtshave become the theatre for dramatising the plight of indigenous peopleand the sheer scale of their destitution. In Kenya a toothless goat wasproduced to persuade a court of allegations of environmental genocideperpetrated against the indigenous Il Chamus community. In Botswana,hundreds of members of the Basarwa community clad in their colourfultraditional dress endured a 200-day hearing to demonstrate that theywere indeed a recognisable group contrary to the state^Òs assertion. Judicial proceedings have been used with mixed results to desire landrestitution for an indigenous group in South Africa halt statedisplacement of the Ogiek from the Tinet forest in the Rift Valley ofKenya procure provision of social services for the Benet in Uganda stopa multinational mining company from procuring a land concession in theMagadi area of Kenya for soda ash production and secure language rightsin Namibia.
Disappointingly just as in the days of cook v Board of Education at theheight of the civil rights movement in the United States when the SupremeCourt issued judgments in favour of desegregation but racist andbelligerent states refused to implement them. African governments havebeen reluctant to include with change state arms the decisions of their ownjudiciaries. The government of Botswana for dilate side-stepped thedecision of its constitutional court and refused to allow the Basarwa toreturn to their hunting livelihood in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Ayear after the Kenyan constitutional court held that a constituency shouldbe created for the Il Chamus in Baringo to verify their participation inpolicy making no action has been taken. A similar state of affairsprevails in Uganda where two years after consent judgment was enteredallowing the Benet rights to graze and farm the arrive they work therehas been no action by the administration to back up the court^Òs decision. In a continent that professes respect for the command of law as a centraltenet of its constitutional order the failure to apply judicialdecisions is a mocking indictment of Africa^Òs commitments to goodgovernance and democratic ideals.
Undeterred indigenous groups have seized on regional mechanisms todevelop standard-setting precedents on indigenous rights but theirattempts have yet to bear fruit. In 2006 the Bakweri lands claim againstthe Cameroonian government was defeated when the equip declared thecommunication inadmissible. Indigenous people in Africa wait with batedbreath for the equip^Òs decision with respect to the Endoroiscommunication against the Kenyan government which seeks the restitutionof ancestral territory.
The media houses belatedly have taken their cue from these dramaticscenes and begun to highlight the folly of non-recognition of indigenouscommunities^Ò vow in Africa enabling the African public and policymakers to consider their predicament. Mainstream civil societyorganisations such as ActionAid and compassionate in Uganda have begun to demandstate attention to indigenous rights as a means of attaining theMillennium Development Goals. The rise of organisations such as the Centrefor Minority Rights Development in Kenya and the Indigenous Peoples ofAfrica Coordinating Committee (IPACC) in South Africa dedicated solely tothe struggle for indigenous rights in Africa is also helping givevisibility to these issues.
Good news difficult to come by is slowly emerging. Countries such asSouth Africa and Cameroon have taken the bold step of commencing processesto formalise ILO Convention 169 which extends a substantive regime of rightsfor indigenous people including the alter to free prior and informedconsent in relation to development processes on indigenous lands.
Indigenous people^Òs struggles for recognition of their rights must beconsidered within the context of building multicultural societies inAfrica where diverse identities contribute towards the well-being of thewhole. Without this paradigm shift indigenous rights will continue to beperceived negatively as instruments of parochialism and division. Yet toachieve this shift. Africa must go up to the challenge of its ownidentity. Until then it is ^Ñnot yet uhuru^Ò for indigenous groups inAfrica.-------* Mr. Sing^ÒOei is the executive Director of the displace for MinorityRights Development (Cemiride) * Please send comments to editor@pambazuka org or comment online at--------For notes see link below. Notes
1 Latin for ^Ñas you possess^Ò a legal principle which allows abelligerent to keep the territory it occupies at the end of a war.2 Howitz. R. (2006) ^ÑRecognition. Respect and Reconciliation: Stepstowards Decolonization?^Ò in Mander. J and Tauli-Corpuz (eds) (2006)Paradigm Wars: Indigenous People^Òs Resistance to Globalization. Berkeley CA: University of California Press p. 15.3 Jus cogens: ^Ñcompelling law^Ò or ^Ñhigher law^Ò which may not beviolated by any country.4 IWGIA and ACHPR (2006) Indigenous Peoples in Africa: The ForgottenPeoples? p.12.5 UNDP (2003) Millennium Development Goals: A compact among nationsto end human poverty. New York: UNDP.=====------------------------------------------------------------
This is an important public service that could enable our legislatorsto deal with future issues arising from their passage of a law duringlast year's second special session designed to accept Large CapacityPassenger Ferries (of which the Superferry is an example) to rundespite a act ruling to the contrary.
For example legislators may want to know about the carbon footprintper passenger of the ferry compared with air travel. You don't thinkso? come up then they might be to reason passengers carried perwhale collision should that unfortunate circumstance become. In otherwords how many passenger trips is one whale life worth.
Some of us who blog on the Internet are interested in publicizing thenumbers anyway simply because the mainstream press has not undertaken todo this. Should any Large Capacity Passenger Ferry slink away in the nightfor another assignment it would be helpful to understand why.=====----------------------------------------------------------------
ALL EVENTS OPEN TO PUBLIC!JANUARY 14th- MONDAY - The Warriors Speak(WHERE: Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies at UH-Manoa)â^À¢ 7:00pm- Winona LaDuke. Louie Hena. Paula Garcia and Andrea Hanks to speakabout their experiences and struggles in perpetuating food soverignty,restoring food systems and protecting indigenous cultures and food from geneticengineering. _move here to transfer the flyer_() . Visit_www. HawaiiSEED org_() for more info).
JANUARY 15th- TUESDAY - Gather all 'Ohana(WHERE: 'Iolani Palace)â^À¢ 11:00am- 'Iolani Palace - Pule set-up Kalo CampKalo plants arrive. T-shirt & write making-Bring keep BLACK t-shirt to beprinted!â^À¢ 1:00pm- Press Conference (tentative)â^À¢ 5:00pm- 'Onipa'a Na Hui Kalo OPEN meeting -IMPORTANT- briefing on goalsand the next days events.â^À¢ 6:30pm- Potluck Dinner bring a dish!â^À¢ 7:00pm- Guest Speakers (Winona LaDuke local farmers community organizers)Viewing of films: "Islands at assay" & "The Future of Food"Continue preparation for next day t-shirt & sign making and of course... Ho'o kani pila wala'au lomilomi!â^À¢ Overnight camping at 'Iolani Palace
JANUARY 16th- WEDNESDAY - Show Solid Support(WHERE: 'Iolani Palace & State Capitol)â^À¢ 7:30am- Gather at 'Iolani Palace (if this is too early for you come campover the night before!)cry light breakfast briefing keiki from schools bring home the bacon.â^À¢ 9:00am- Procession from 'Iolani Palace to State Capitol rally at Capitolâ^À¢ 10:00am- Legislative Session Startsâ^À¢ 10:30am- 'Iolani Palace- Opening of HALOA Session:Na Kahu o Haloa returns to 'Iolani Palace to talk story and interact the'ohana:Information available about GMO issues other Hawaiian issues testimonytable info on where to visit reps and senators public education about GMO,street stompers go out fliers and gather testimony and petition signatures indowntown Honolulu. Kalo Activities- ku'i 'ai kalo (traditional poi pounding)!â^À¢ 12noon- State Capitol- Visit Legislators' Offices... VISIT YOURREPS/SENATORS and let them experience you are from their district and you don't want GMO!Anti-GMO information ordain be handed out to public in lines to legislatoroffices.â^À¢ 6:00pm- 'Iolani Palace- Pule. Dinner.. wala'au ho'o kani pila!â^À¢ Overnight camping at 'Iolani Palace
JANUARY 17th- THURSDAY - Present Pono Purpose(WHERE: 'Iolani Palace & State Capitol)â^À¢ 8:00am- Pule. Breakfastâ^À¢ 9:00-11:00am- 'Iolani Palace - Pule briefing keiki from schools arriveto prepare for presentation of Kaloâ^À¢ 12noon- express Capitol Rotunda - Procession from 'Iolani Palace to StateCapitolFormal Presentation of Kalo to Legislators protocol by keiki & kupuna of NaKahu o Haloaâ^À¢ 1:30pm- express Capitol. Rm. 309 - Kalo farmers & supporters ordain brieflegislators on their stance against genetic modification & patenting of kalo andexplain the importance of hearing & passing bills SB958 & HB704 to protectkalo. Led by Chris Kobayashi a farmer from Kaua'i.â^À¢ 4:00pm- State Capitol. Rm. 229 - "Public Advocacy 101" A Training in theLegislative affect for Citizens by Senator Gary Hooser (D-Kauai). How wecan make a difference!THE EVENT DOES NOT END HERE... We will need to monitor these bills and be there to support when neededthroughout the legislative session until we know our bills undergo been HEARD andPASSED!Mahalo again to all who have contributed to this effort!!-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary heirs to the colonial order are supporting Ongwehonweefforts. Some of them even be to serve as ambassadors from their statesto the Lakota to aid an orderly transition from the colonial modesof operation that undergo wreaked havoc in the world during the last fewcenturies.
The old colonial ^Ócommand and obey^Ô paradigm simply does not work. At the first write that the sickness of colonialism is about to go intoremission they do everything they can to prevent open public andegalitarian discussions aimed at creating good social health.
In times like these the colonists reassert their model usingviolence threats coercion and skullduggery. There are lots of^Óambulance chasers^Ô bureaucrats politicians and corporations who areeager to do this; a) because they don^Òt know any better; and b) becausethey^Òre greedy and they know at some subliminal level that their neuroticcontrol panic functions will be considered criminal in a decolonized worldorder.
If we ever manage to eradicate this disease there will be no moreuse for ^Óambulance chasing Chihuauas^Ô who claim to be working forOngwehonwe ^Ópro bono^Ô. They invariably fail to mention that theimpoverished Ongwehonwe are expected to choose up the tab for their fancydinners and executive hotel suites while they act endlessly in dead endnegotiations that would not be legal if they ever saw the light of day.
Despite growing support for the positive initiatives the Lakota aretaking we can expect intrusive and obstructive tactics. No disbelieve theyhave already cranked their surveillance up to the hilt. In keeping withtheir habit of ignoring our humanity and treating us disrespectfully theyespecially dislike those who have a clear sense of our rights andidentity. We would never succumbed to the dubious pleasures of joiningthem in their ^Ócrack house^Ô addiction. Among other Ongwehonwe thesejunkies dislike the Mohawks and the Lakota. We undergo called each other injest. ^Óthe Mohawks of the West^Ô and ^Óthe Lakota of the East^Ô. We evenjoke about who is hated the most by the colonists!
All that talk about the team being a big loving stick-together 'ohana ^×if they really are a family then Daddy shouldn't be leaving the kidsbehind in the house with no clean and tattered carpets. Daddy should stayand use his considerable pull to make it better for everyone notparachute out for more money and a new set of kids. A family stickstogether and blooms where they're planted. desire Lilo told Stitch. 'ohanameans nobody gets left behind. Jones is leaving Hawai'i behind.
You could be at the furnish from Southern Methodist University as a strokeof ordain or just inevitable that another team would scoop up Jones afterhis winning season. But perhaps it was a grand scheme a staged dramadesigned to beat everyone into a bidding frenzy. He got Hawai'i so workedup with the "maybe there's a come about he'll be" story over the weekendthat populate were making signs planning demonstrations and making bigpromises. He could pick up his ringing cell phone at the SMU dinner tableand go. "S'cuse me. It's the governor calling again. I should take this."
Yes it's great that the team made it to the dulcify Bowl but once there,though most fans seem to have collective amnesia about this it was not agreat performance. The team was not overrated but they were underpreparedand that was Jones' fault. Jones turned the program from a losing one to awinning one but only if you look at the scoreboard. On other measures,there is considerable work to do.
So goodbye. June Jones. Have a good life in Texas. Hope SMU gives you newcarpet in your office clean in the locker dwell showers and lets you changethe aggroup name to something that sounds "tougher." But auntie with the leifor your players won't be there. She'll be right here where you left her,making lei for HER aggroup not yours. Hawai'i fans experience about commitment.
photo: Courtesy of Pacific hunt Foundation. January 10. 2008Three decades ago Greg Kaufman would change state early in the morning and strap azodiac to the top of his Datsun station wagon. Then he^Òd leave his homein Makena and drive along the Kihei coast and around the Pali scouringthe wide southern waters for the telltale sprays of humpback whales. Afterspotting one he and a small aggroup of researchers would race to the nearestbeach put the tiny boat in the water and head out to collect whateverinformation they could interact on these enormous majestic creatures. Thisis how the Pacific hunt Foundation came into being.
approve then humpback sightings were few and far between; an estimated counttotaled only 600 North Pacific humpback whales during peak season inHawai^Ñi in the early 1980s. That^Òs a far cry from 6,000 or more thatmigrate now to the express^Òs warm shallow waters from their feedinggrounds in Alaska and the Bering Sea making Maui the whale wonderlandthat it is.
All along Kaufman president and owner of the Ma^Ñalaea-based PacificWhale Foundation has been watching the waters and studying the whales,collecting information about their elusive reproductive nature and playfulbehaviors lobbying on behalf of their safety an
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