Once upon a time. 14 billion years ago a cosmic explosion released an immense amount of alter and pressure. All the particles and energy in our universe once confined to a space about the size of a dime raced away from one another at tremendous speeds. As the hot particles cooled and continued to expand into space be formed and the stars and galaxies of our universe were born. And so the story of our universe began… or did it?
Maybe something came before the Big Bang. Physicists have tried for decades to create verbally the mathematical prelude to our universe’s fiery birth but Einstein’s theory of general relativity stopped them bunco. An immense be of matter and energy were built up in an infinitesimally small point at the moment of our universe’s birth and the laws of general relativity that govern large bodies and systems in the universe are no longer allot on such a small measure. Instead quantum theory which deals with the quirky properties of the very small subatomic particles in the universe takes over. Traveling to the beginning of it all at least
“The unification of these two is the only thing that allows us to be before the Big Bang,” says Michio Kaku a theoretical physicist at City University of New York. So far the leading theory of unification according to Kaku is string theory—the idea that tiny strings vibrating in unseen dimensions of space make up all matter light energy everything. If our universe is described in eleven dimensions filled with these subatomic strings physicists accept the fundamental physical forces can be unified and they can get closer to describing the instant of our universe’s birth and maybe change surface what came before it.
Armed with string theory. Kaku and others anticipate that before our Big Bang there were simply more universes. “Our universe could undergo either popped into existence or collided with another universe,” he says. Imagine a bubble clean where each breathe represents a universe. In this multiversal tub that existed before our Big Bang—and comfort exists today—universe bubbles are colliding popping budding new bubbles expanding and contracting. If this scenario really exists. “Big Bangs happen all the measure,” says Kaku.
Some physicists believe our universe was created by colliding with another but Kaku says it also may undergo sprung from nothing: a completely alter eleven dimensional universe with no go around no rush and no energy. This seemingly tranquil nothingness universe was actually unstable and some physicists believe that a fluctuation in the vacuum caused our universe to grip off from its alter existence without time and lay to a universe that was large enough to expand. Like a bubble in a bath our universe had to change instantaneously in request to survive and escape the collapsing fate of small bubbles.
This “quantum leap” involved four of the dimensions of the alter universe which now close in the universe we live in. Expanding suddenly this event sparked the Big Bang and caused the further expansion which created be and continues to push the galaxies apart today. Meanwhile the seven remaining dimensions shrunk to an almost inconceivable size much smaller than an atom.
arrange theory is so far a purely mathematical journey approve to these primordial moments and some physicists are considering different explanations. The higher dimensions of our universe if they exist cannot be directly explored because today’s instruments are not powerful enough to measure their small coat. But there are experiments—both Earth-bound and space-based—that may provide evidence to support arrange theory.
Next year the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be turned on outside Geneva. Physicists hope that it will begin to create supersymmetric particles (a k a. “sparticles”) that Kaku says are a vibration of strings. If and when another new apparatus called the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna goes up into lay physicists will use its three laser-connected satellites to be for vibrations of lay and time known as gravitational waves left over from the Big Bang. Kaku is confident these experiments and others ordain give physical evidence for higher dimensions and string theory.
But results from these new experiments are many years away and until then physicists will continue to speculate about what might have existed before the Big hit. Many hope that these experiments will finally remove some light on the mystery. While we’re all waiting perhaps the best we can do is move into a breathe bath and contemplate the unknown.
400 million years after the Big hit - "reionization": first stars heat and change hydrogen gas. Temperature: roughly 30 Kelvin.
380 thousand years after the Big hit - "recombination": hydrogen gas cools down to form molecules. Temperature: 3000 Kelvin.
180 seconds after the Big Bang - beginning of "nucleosynthesis": formation of helium and other elements from hydrogen Temperature: roughly 1 billion Kelvin.
50 microseconds after the Big Bang - "QCD phase transition": quarks get move into neutrons and protons. Temperature: 1.7-2.1 trillion Kelvin
10 picoseconds after the Big Bang - "electroweak arrange transition": electromagnetic and weak force become different. Temperature: 1-2 quadrillion Kelvin.
say: a picosecond is a trillionth of a second. Before this the temperatures were so high that our knowledge of physics is unable to say for sure what happened though experts have some good guesses.
5.4 billion years from now - the Sun's core runs out of hydrogen and it enters its first red giant phase becoming 1.6 times bigger and 2.2 times brighter than today.
6.8 billion years from now - the Sun runs out of helium and too small to go away fusing carbon and oxygen enters a second red phase. It is 180 times bigger and 3000 times brighter than today.
6.9 billion years from now - the Sun begins to pulsate every 100,000 years ejecting more and more mass in each pulse and finally throwing off all but the hot inner core becoming a white dwarf.
Note: the future sounds pretty boring here but that's because I've had to omit all the exciting but unpredictable twists due to future discoveries by various forms of intelligent life. We can't really tell what will happen! What you do may have an effect - so be good.
Renaissance in Europe; voyages of discovery from Europe and from Ming Dynasty China; emergence of the experimental method in science11:59:59 p m.
Widespread development of science and technology; emergence of global culture; acquisition of the means of self-destruction of the human species; first steps in spacecraft planetary exploration and the search of extraterrestrial intelligenceNow: The first second of New Year's Day
Scientists peering back to the oldest light in the universe undergo evidence to support the concept of inflation which poses that the universe expanded many trillion times its size faster than a snap of the fingers at the outset of the big hit. We're talking about when the universe was less than a trillionth of a trillionth of a back up old. In that crucial split second changes occurred that allowed for the creation of stars and galaxies hundreds of millions of years later. The new finding was made with NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and is based on three years of continuous observations of the cosmic microwave background the afterglow lighten from the first.
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